【定语从句的引导词及其用法总结】在英语学习中,定语从句是一个非常重要的语法知识点。它用于修饰名词或代词,使句子结构更加丰富、表达更加准确。而定语从句的核心在于“引导词”的使用。正确理解并掌握这些引导词,有助于我们更灵活地运用英语进行表达。
一、什么是定语从句?
定语从句是指在主句中起定语作用的从句,用来修饰主句中的某个名词或代词。这个被修饰的词被称为“先行词”。定语从句通常由一个引导词来连接,并且在从句中充当一定的成分(如主语、宾语、状语等)。
例如:
The book that I borrowed from the library is very interesting.
这里的“that I borrowed from the library”就是一个定语从句,修饰“the book”。
二、常见的定语从句引导词
定语从句的引导词主要有以下几类:
1. 关系代词
关系代词包括:who, whom, whose, which, that
- who:指人,在从句中作主语或宾语。
- The man who is standing there is my teacher.
- I know the girl who won the prize.
- whom:指人,在从句中作宾语(多用于正式文体)。
- The teacher whom you met yesterday is very kind.
- whose:表示所属关系,可指人或物。
- The student whose essay was praised is my classmate.
- The house whose windows are broken needs repair.
- which:指物,在从句中作主语或宾语。
- The car which is parked outside is mine.
- Do you know the book which I gave you?
- that:既可指人也可指物,在从句中作主语或宾语。
- The person that called me is my friend.
- This is the book that I need.
> 注意:在非限制性定语从句中,不能使用 that,只能用 which 或 who/whom。
2. 关系副词
关系副词包括:when, where, why
- when:表示时间,在从句中作时间状语。
- I still remember the day when we first met.
- where:表示地点,在从句中作地点状语。
- This is the place where I grew up.
- why:表示原因,在从句中作原因状语。
- That’s the reason why I left early.
三、引导词的选择规则
1. 根据先行词选择引导词:
- 如果先行词是人,通常用 who, whom, that
- 如果先行词是物,通常用 which, that
- 如果先行词是人或物,可用 that
2. 根据从句中的成分选择引导词:
- 引导词在从句中作主语时,不能省略(如:Who is coming?)
- 引导词在从句中作宾语时,可以省略(如:The man (that) I saw is my uncle)
3. 是否为限制性与非限制性从句:
- 限制性定语从句:不加逗号,对先行词起限定作用(必须保留)。
- The girl who is wearing a red dress is my sister.
- 非限制性定语从句:加逗号,是对先行词的补充说明(可省略)。
- My sister, who is studying in Beijing, will come home next week.
四、常见错误与注意事项
1. 混淆 who 和 whom:
- who 是主格,whom 是宾格。
- 正确:I know the boy who is talking to her.
错误:I know the boy whom is talking to her.
2. 误用 that 和 which:
- 在非限制性从句中,不能使用 that。
- 正确:The book, which I bought last week, is very useful.
错误:The book, that I bought last week, is very useful.
3. 忽略引导词的省略情况:
- 当引导词在从句中作宾语时,可以省略。
- 正确:The man (that) I saw is my neighbor.
错误:The man I saw that is my neighbor.
五、结语
定语从句是英语写作和口语中不可或缺的一部分,而引导词则是构建定语从句的关键。通过掌握不同类型引导词的用法,我们能够更准确、自然地表达自己的想法。希望本文能帮助你更好地理解和应用定语从句的相关知识,提升你的英语表达能力。